书城社科文化与社会转型:理论框架和中国语境
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第69章 全球性萧条及全球性重组(10)

●323◆ Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (3rd edn), New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1962.

●324◆ Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World, Boston: Beacon, 1966; Charles Tilly, Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1984.

●325◆ 正如Samir Amin的观察,中国革命也改变了普通民众的心理和意识:至今他们在对资本突进的日常反抗中仍然表现出“总体上的自信和没有奴性态度的自由” 。引自 “China, market socialism, and US hegemony”, Review 28:3, 2005, pp.274-5。

●326◆ 参见Istvan Meszaros, The Challenge and Burden of Historical Time, New York: Monthly Review Press, 2008, p.55。

●327◆ 引自Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, p.93. 见Engels,“The Magyar struggle”, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works vol.8, New York: International Publishers, 1977, p.233.

●328◆ 黑格尔《历史哲学》中的著名提法是把亚洲看作历史的起点或童年时代,而欧洲是历史的终点;中国与印度或者波斯相比更是“尤其的东方”。这样他就成功了一个完美的对历史与逻辑统一的辩证叙述:历史性的历史相比于无历史的历史,历史民族相比于非历史民族, 一个人享有自由的东方和一些人自由的希腊罗马古代世界相比于一切人自由的(普鲁士)现代国家。对有关讨论的记载,参见Raymond Dawson, The Legacy of China, Oxford: Clarendon, 1964, chapter 1;J.J. Clarke,Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter between Asian and Western Thought, London: Routlege, 1997, part II。

●329◆ Capital 1(1864), New York: International Publishers, 1967, p.358;Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (1857-), New York: Penguin, 1973, p.486.

●330◆ 参看Eric Hobsbawm, How to Change the World: Marx and Marxism 1840-2011, London: Little, Brown, 2011, p.148.

●331◆引自Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, pp.188ff, 49-50;“Revolution in China and in Europe” (1853), Collected Works vol.12, New York: International Publishers, 1979。

●332◆ 见Vladimir Lenin, Collected Works, Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1977;vol.19,pp.85, 99-100。

●333◆ 关于中国的第一次社会经济史大辩论,参看Arif Dirlik, Revolution and History: The Origins of Marxist Historiography in China, 1919-1937, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp.191-207 和After the Revolution: Waking to Global Capitalism, Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1994, pp.24ff。后来对亚细亚生产方式的再讨论,参看John Rapp, “The fate of Marxist democrats in Leninist party-states: China’s debate on the Asiatic mode of production”, Theory and Society 16, 1987和Timothy Brook, ed. The Asiatic Mode of Production in China, Armonk: ME Sharpe, 1989; 以及Lawrence Sullivan, “The controversy over ‘feudal despotism’: politics and historiography in China, 1978-1982”, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, 1990。

●334◆ 即Umberto Melotti, Marx and the Third World (1972), London: Macmillan, 1977。

●335◆ 参看Wu Dakun, “Some questions concerning research on the Asiatic mode of production”, in Timothy Brook, ed. The Asiatic Mode of Production in China, 1989, chapter 2。

●336◆ 例如,高王陵,租佃关系新论:地主、农民和地租, 上海书店出版社,2005;秦晖、金雁,田园诗与狂想曲:关中模式与前近代社会的再认识 ,北京语文出版社, 2010。

●337◆ 参看 王小强,“只有社会主义才能救中国—之四”,香港传真44,2011。

●338◆ 参见Maurice Meisner, “The despotism of concepts: Wittfogel and Marx on China”, The China Quarterly 16, Oct.-Dec. 1963。 

●339◆ Karl Wittfogel最系统提出“水利社会说”: Oriental despotism; a comparative study of total power, Yale University Press, 1957。关于帝制中国国防的规模及军费负担,参看Thomas Barfield, The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China 221 B.C. to AD 1757, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992。

●340◆ 参见Jan Glete, War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-military States, 1500-1660, London: Routledge, 2001和 Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States: AD990-1992, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992。

●341◆ 引自Perry Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: New Left Books, 1974, p.548。

●342◆ 见Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (1845), Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1968, pp.7-13; Marx, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations (1857-8), International Publishers, edited and introduced by Eric Hobsbawm, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1964。

●343◆ 参看Shlomo Avineri, “Introduction” to Marx on Colonialism and Modernization, pp.5-6, 13。

●344◆ 见Barry Hindess and Paul Hirst, Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production, London: Routledge 1977, pp.178-82, 192ff。

●345◆ Hobsbawm, Eric Hobsbawm, ‘Introduction’ to Marx, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations, London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1964, pp. 171, 136, 151-6.

●346◆ 引自The 18th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852), New York: Mondial, 2005, pp.84-5。 

●347◆ 见Donald Lowe, The Function of “China” in Marx, Lenin and Mao, Berkeley: University of California University Press, 1966, pp.58-60。

●348◆见W.G. Runciman, ed. Weber: Selections in Translation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978, pp.315-6, 336,196, 330, 202; Weber, The Religion of China (1915), edited by C.K. Yang, Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1968, pp.100-104; Economy and Society (1921), New York: Bedminster, 1968, pp.290-2, 327; The City (1921), Glencoe, Illinois: Free Press, 1986。

●349◆ 参看Eric Jones, “The real question about Chinese history: why was the Song economic achievement not repeated?” Australian Economic History Review, 30:2, 1990。

●350◆ Runciman in ed. Weber, p.288。

●351◆ 参看Joseph Needham, Joseph, “problem of 19(k)” in Civilization in China, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976; Mark Elvin, “Some reflections on the use of ‘styles of scientific thinking’ to disaggregate and sharpen comparisons between China and Europe from Song to mid-Qing times”, History of Technology 25, 2004.

●352◆ 结果是一个“过度发达的市场”导致斯密型增长趋势的中断。见Mark Elvin, The Pattern of the Chinese Past, Methuen Publishing, 1973, pp.314ff。可以说这一制约在今天仍以不同形式继续存在。参看如Kenneth Pomeranz 讨论当代水源管理,“The great Himalayan watershed”, New Left Review 58, July/Aug 2009:很多能节水、减轻缺水压力的技术由于价格太高而难于推广,非有大量政府补贴而无法落实。